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\b\f1\fs36\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2849276\charrsid2514705 Resolving disputes in the workplace
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2514705 {\f1\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1906832\charrsid2514705 Response from the National Group on Homeworking}{
\f1\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2849276\charrsid2514705 
\par }{\f1\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1906832\charrsid2514705 June 2007
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\par 
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12663726\charrsid9718278 The National Group on Homeworking}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12663726  (NGH)}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12663726\charrsid9718278 
 is a UK NGO working exclusively on homeworking issues.  We offer support and advice to homeworkers, and campaign }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15482785 to improve their}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12663726\charrsid9718278 
 employment terms and conditions. }{\f1\lang9\langfe1033\langnp9\insrsid12663726\charrsid9718278  }{\f1\lang9\langfe1033\langnp9\insrsid12663726 
\par }{\f1\lang9\langfe1033\langnp9\insrsid1906832\charrsid9718278 
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12663726\charrsid2184470 By \lquote homeworker\rquote  we mean someone who is working from home, and is not running their own business. }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12663726 
Homework can involve telework, such as data inputting, telesales, or other work utilising ICT equipment, or it can be manufacturing or packing work \endash 
 from assembling electrical switches to packing tights to print finishing work. Homeworkers in the manufacturing or packing sectors are sometimes referred to as \lquote outworkers\rquote . L}{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12663726\charrsid9718278 ow pay and poor employment conditions are co
mmon. One of the primary obstacles to homeworkers accessing rights and protections is their uncertain employment status.  Many are categorised as \lquote workers\rquote  or \lquote self-employed\rquote 
 by the companies they work for, and struggle to assert their rights as employees at Employment Tribunals. }{\f1\lang9\langfe1033\langnp9\insrsid12663726\charrsid9718278 
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12663726 
\par NGH runs a national helpline providing employment rights advice to homeworkers. We also provide a case-worker service, helping individual homeworkers assert their rights, and this work includes providing representation}{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479815 . NGH therefore has expertise in both the general legal problems facing homeworkers, and the specific details of individual cases.}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12663726  }{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12663726\charrsid2184470 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12663726 
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462026 In response to the proposals set out in the consultation document, NGH would like to emphasise the following five points.}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12663726 
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462026 
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\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772676 We welcome the planned repeal of the existing Dispute Resolution Regulations}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1906832 .}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772676\charrsid10506402 
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\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12663726 Employment status should be extended to cover all workers}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479815 .}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12663726 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514705 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514705 We }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2567024 have some concerns about the scope of the
}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514705  prop}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2567024 o}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514705 sed helpline
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2567024 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2567024 We are concerned that some of the penalties being considered}{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462026  to encourage early resolution would discourage genuine, and potentially vulnerable, claimants from pursuing their case even when it is in the interests of justice that they do so}{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2567024 
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\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10566911 More}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12663726\charrsid10506402  proactive enforcement }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10566911 of employment rights is needed, and}{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12663726  would particularly assist the most vulnerable workers, who }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10566911 are often non-unionised}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12663726 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12663726 
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462026 The detail of, and background to, our concerns is outlined below:
\par 
\par }{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772676 EMPLOYEE }{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569274\charrsid14569274 STATUS}{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12068106\charrsid14569274 
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12068106 The fundamental problem with existing dispute resolution procedures is that they offer no protection to the ma}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid199308 ny}{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12068106  homeworkers, who are (unjustly in our view) treated as \lquote workers\rquote  or \lquote self-employed\rquote  rather than \lquote employees\rquote . }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid199308 

\par 
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12068106 Furthermore, they add a}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid199308 n additional }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12068106 layer of complexity to cases where }{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid199308 workers have unclear status, and in our experience }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569274 the }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid199308 problem of unc
lear status features in the majority of cases involving homeworkers. The existing system does not, as intended, encourage early resolution \endash  but rather creates a series of hoops a}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9268111 
nyone who considers themselves to be an \lquote employee\rquote }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569274  }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid199308 has to go through en route to reaching a resolution. }{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12068106 
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid199308 
\par }{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569274\charrsid16064156 Unclear status and varying time-limits
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14569274 {\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569274 
There are different time frames for submitting claims depending upon whether one is a worker or an employee. For many homeworkers the}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9268111 ir}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569274 
 status itself is in dispute and a homeworker claiming to be an }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9268111 \lquote }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569274 employee}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9268111 \rquote }{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569274  cannot be confident of being found }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772676 to be }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569274 
one at ET. This severely complicates submitting ET1s. A worker needs to submit an ET1 within 3 months. However, if there is a chance they may be considered an employee, after submitting a griev
ance they must wait 28 days before submitting an ET1. If a homeworker only becomes aware of the means to raise a complaint 2 months after the event has taken place they are faced with a dilemma. D}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16064156 o}{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569274  they, believing themselves to be an employee, follow the Dispute Resolution route}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772676  and wait the 28 days}{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569274 , or do the}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772676 y}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569274 
, fearing they may be found to be a worker, submit an ET1 before the deadline for their \lquote worker\rquote  complaint expires? This serves to demonstrate not only the current complexity of the Grievance and Disc
iplinary procedures, but moreover the huge difficulties faced by workers with uncertain status, for whom the entire system of employment law is convoluted and opaque.
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1772028 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \brdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp80 \brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \brdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp80 \aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\rtlgutter\itap0\pararsid1772028 {
\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1772028\charrsid1772028 CASE STUDY 1
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1772028\charrsid1772028 Sarah had worked on a helpline, which she answered from home, for four years when she was unexpectedly told that her \lquote services\rquote  were no longer required.\~
 Sarah had always been told she was self-employed but when she was advised to contact ACAS a few weeks later she found out that this may not be the case.\~ By this time, however, 
Sarah was too late to submit a grievance and wait 28 days without being outside }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1772028 the }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1772028\charrsid1772028 3 month deadline for submitting her ET1.\~
 Of course, if she was an employee the deadline would be extended.\~ However, with her status unclear, she could not be sure that she was entitled to the extension.\~
 She has submitted her ET1, and sent off her grievance, but is unsure whether the Employment Tribunal will accept her ET1 as she is claiming to be an employee and has not waited 28 days for a response to her grievance.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14569274 {\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569274 
\par }{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569274\charrsid16064156 Dispute procedures as an \lquote indicator\rquote  of employee status
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569274 Where a worker\rquote 
s status is in dispute, the existing procedure, far from being a tool for resolution, becomes a weapon used by either side to strengthen their argument. If a homeworker considers themselve
s as an employee they will invoke the procedures on the basis that they a}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7820581 re a}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569274 
 necessary step in their case. If their employer believes they are a worker they will refuse to engage with the procedures, as if they apply the procedures this will be viewed as an indicator of employee status.
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1772028 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \brdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp80 \brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \brdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp80 \aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\rtlgutter\itap0\pararsid1772028 {
\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1772028\charrsid1772028 CASE STUDY }{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1772028 2}{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1772028\charrsid1772028 
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1772028\charrsid1772028 Theresa worked from home in newspaper distribution.\~ She has a dispute with her employer about wages and holiday pay, and shortly after lost her work.\~ Theresa\rquote 
s status was also in dispute.\~ When she tried to resolve her dispute using the statutory dispute resolution regulations, her \lquote employer\rquote 
 replied that she had no entitlement to pursue a grievance as they did not accept that she was an employee of the company.\~ Presumably the company legal advisers had advised against a}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1772028 
llowing Theresa to use }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1772028\charrsid1772028 grievance procedures as it could be an indicator of employee status which could be used as evidence in an Employment Tribunal.\~
 In this case, rather than avoiding litigation and cost, the dispute resolution procedures es
calated the dispute to tribunal more quickly as, without the right to use the procedures, it remained the only option through which Theresa could resolve her dispute.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14569274 {\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1772028 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid199308 
\par }{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772676\charrsid6772676 Simplification of employment law
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16064156 The National Group on Homeworking has consistently argued for the extension of employment rights to all homeworkers}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1906832 , and indeed all workers,}{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16064156  who are not in business on their own account. This would reduce the number of ET pre-hearings}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12663726 
 on status, which are currently a major hurdle for homeworkers seeking to assert their rights, and which draw out the ET process as a whole \endash  adding to costs for workers, employers and the state.}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772676 
 If, following the Gibbons recommendation, the Government seeks to \lquote Simplify employment law, recognising that its complexity creates uncertainty and costs for employers and employees\rquote 
, the extension of employment rights to all workers would be a huge step forward.}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16064156 
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid199308 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7109436 {\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8667761 NEW ADVICE LINE }{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7109436 
\par }{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4920028\charrsid4920028 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4920028 {\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4920028\charrsid4920028 Conflicting purposes
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2849276\charrsid10506402 There is a co}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8667761 nflict between the proposed advice }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2849276\charrsid10506402 line\rquote 
s role of}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14825317\charrsid10506402  \lquote providing impartial advice about different methods for resolving disputes and about the tribunal process\rquote  and \lquote 
to encourage appropriate cases towards mediation.\rquote  }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7109436 These two tasks appear mutually exclusive and we believe the \lquote impartiality\rquote  of the advice is essential. The }{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8667761 advice }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7109436 line should be there to outline options, not to steer employees down a particular course of action.}{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4920028\charrsid4920028  }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4920028\charrsid10506402 
\par }\pard \ql \li360\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid4920028 {\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7109436 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4920028 {\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4920028\charrsid2514705 Level of expertise required}{
\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514705\charrsid2514705  }{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4920028\charrsid2514705 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2514705 {\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12782395 The ability of the }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8667761 advice }{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12782395 line staff to provide accurate advice and information would be absolutely crucial. Many cases are extremely complicated and touch upon a number of legal issues}{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14825317\charrsid10506402 . }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12782395 
The NMW helpline provides advice on only one area of employment law for example, but nevertheless NGH has found that their expertise on specific issues such as homeworking has sometimes been found wanting. }{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8667761 Advice }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514705 line staff}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514705\charrsid10506402  would require extensive training}{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514705  and w}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12782395 e would question the viability of a}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4920028  single}{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12782395  advice line being able to provide the breadth and depth of legal knowledge which would be required}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4920028  to provide all }{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7820581 worker}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4920028 s with the information they require regarding all types of disputes at work. }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514705 
The problem of status is an especially complex and nuanced one, of key concern to our members, and an area where it would be particularly difficult to provide robust and straightforward advice. 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12663726 {\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12663726 
\par }{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462026 PENALTIES AND COST ORDERS}{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12663726\charrsid5061134 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1462026 {\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462026 
\par }{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462026\charrsid1462026 Penalising those who do not seek early resolution
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7109436 Penalties should not be threatened against those who have not sought a resolution short of }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8667761 an employment tribunal}{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7109436 .  }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2578536 We would not support moves to give employment tribunals discretion \lquote to }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4920028 pen
alise those who either make no attempt, or wholly inadequate attempts, to reach an outcome to their dispute prior to an employment tribunal hearing}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2578536 .\rquote  This is because }{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7820581 worker}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2578536 s could find themselves penalised simply for a lack of awareness of, or lack of familiarity with, the alternative routes available to them.}{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462026  }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8667761  }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462026 The e}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462026\charrsid10506402 
mphasis on early resolution of grievances suggests all disputes are about a disagreement where finding a middle way}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462026  or}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462026\charrsid10506402  compromise is}{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462026  the}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462026\charrsid10506402  ideal outcome. This is not the case where there is genuine denial of rights}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462026 , or
}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462026\charrsid10506402  exploitation by the employer.}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462026  Although an early resolution would clearly be the preferred outcome in most cases, e}{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462026\charrsid10506402 mployees should not be pressured to \lquote compromise\rquote  in such cases where justice demands they get their full rights.}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7109436 
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462026 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1772028 {\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1772028\charrsid1462026 Threshold for cost orders
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1462026 {\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1772028 
We do not believe the threshold for making cost orders against parties should be lowered. The threat of costs is frequently used by employer\rquote s representatives to discourage employees from pursuing a claim, and if the threshold were low
ered the impact of such threats would be increased, at the expense of a just outcome. The power imbalance, and more pertinently the financial imbalance between employer and employee is such that the threat of costs will always be a greater discouragement 
to employees pursuing a claim than to employers defending one. This is despite the fact that, in practice, costs are far more frequently awarded against the employer.
\par 
\par }{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1772028\charrsid1772028 W}{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462026\charrsid1772028 eak}{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462026\charrsid1462026  or vexatious claims
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1906832 With regard to \lquote weak or vexatious}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1772028 \rquote }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1906832  claims, we do not believe the
se occur frequently enough to cause the tribunal system significant problems, and when they do occur}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4920028  employment tribunals have appropriate powers to deal with them}{
\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462026 .}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1906832 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4920028 {\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4920028 
\par }{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4920028\charrsid15482785 VULNERABLE WORKERS AND ENFORCEMENT}{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4920028 
\par }{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15482785 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15482785 {\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15482785\charrsid10506402 There is a need }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15482785 
for more proactive enforcement }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15482785\charrsid10506402 so it is not }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15482785 left}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15482785\charrsid10506402 
 to individual employees to enforce their rights}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15482785  in the workplace}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15482785\charrsid10506402 .}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15482785 
 The model of a }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15482785\charrsid10506402 Fair Employment Commission}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15482785  is outlined in the Citizens Advice \lquote Somewhere to Turn\rquote 
 publication, and we support this principle, of a well-resourced, fully-trained and dedicated enforcement unit. }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15482785\charrsid10506402  }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15482785 
This would particularly assist the most vulnerable workers, who frequently lack the protection of trade union membership. }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid611042 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid611042 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f1\lang9\langfe1033\langnp9\insrsid2381558 W}{
\f1\lang9\langfe1033\langnp9\insrsid611042\charrsid9718278 hilst the government proactively enforces the National Minimum Wage through the NMW Compliance Unit an
d health and safety standards through the Health and Safety Executive, there is no equivalent body to investigate workers being denied their rightful holiday pay, maternity protections, sick pay or other key employment rights. }{
\f1\insrsid611042\charrsid9718278 We feel the system of Employm
ent Tribunals cannot be relied upon as the sole means to ensure compliance, and in our experience can be particularly difficult for vulnerable workers, or those without union representation to assert their rights in this way. }{\f1\insrsid611042 
\par }{\f1\insrsid611042\charrsid9718278 A proactive system of enforcement needs to be introduced to ensure employment rights are asserted. We support the }{\f1\lang9\langfe1033\langnp9\insrsid611042\charrsid9718278 
Citizens Advice position that a Fair Employment Commission is needed to do this job, providing a more joined-up system of advice and guidance for small employers, and a mo
re proactive approach to compliance and, where necessary, enforcement. (Citizens Advice briefing 'Somewhere to turn: The case for a Fair Employment }{\f1\lang9\langfe1033\langnp9\insrsid611042\charrsid611042 Commission' )
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid611042 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid611042\charrsid611042 
We would, however, make a distinction between such an enforcement agency which could assist workers in pursuing claims, and the service outlined in the consultation which would have the power to determine \lquote straightforward claims\rquote 
. We believe a worker should always have the opportunity to have their case heard by an Employment Tribunal, if they believe this to be in their best interests.}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid611042 
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10566911 
\par }{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10566911\charrsid10566911 ADDITIONAL POINTS}{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10566911 
\par }{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8667761 
\par }{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10566911 Statement of loss}{\b\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10566911\charrsid10566911 
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10566911 It would be unreasonable to require claimants to include a statement of loss when submitting an application form. The current system whereby claimants are given the option of pro
viding a figure with regard to non-payment of wages is perfectly adequate. In }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8667761 many}{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10566911 
 cases it is simply too complex for a claimant to be able to provide a figure, and in some cases further information is needed from the employer in order to determine the fig
ure.  It would be far too complicated to request a statement of loss from claimants for other kinds of disputes, regarding issues such as discrimination, for example.
\par }{\f1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10566911\charrsid611042 
\par }{\b\f1\insrsid611042\charrsid5723044 CONTACT DETAILS:
\par }{\f1\insrsid611042 Nesta Holden 
\par Policy and Campaigns Worker
\par National Group on Homeworking
\par Office 26
\par 30-38 Dock Street
\par Leeds LS10 1JF
\par Tel: 0113 2005623
\par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\f1\insrsid611042  HYPERLINK "mailto:nesta@ngh.org.uk" }{\f1\insrsid611042\charrsid8003361 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000017000000110000006e00650073007400610040006e00670068002e006f00720067002e0075006b000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b300000006d00610069006c0074006f003a006e00650073007400610040006e00670068002e006f00720067002e007500
6b0000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs16\f1\ul\cf2\insrsid611042\charrsid8003361 nesta@ngh.org.uk}}}{\f1\insrsid611042 
\par 
\par }}